Study & grades
GPA, weighted course grades and what you need on the final.
All of these are weighted averages; what differs is what carries the weight. Credit hours for a GPA, category weights for a course grade, and the weight of the final exam for the question everyone actually types in at 2am.
Grading scales vary between institutions — some cap A at 4.0, some weight honours courses at 5.0, and percentage cut-offs move by a point or two. Every page here says which scale it used so you can check it against your own syllabus.
Grades & GPA
Grade point average, weighted course grades and cumulative totals.
A GPA is an average weighted by credit hours, which is why a four-credit course moves it twice as far as a two-credit one. The same weighting logic runs a course grade, with category percentages standing in for credits.
Exams & targets
What you need on the final, and what a score works out to.
The most-asked question in this whole category is what you need on the final to finish on a given grade. The answer is sometimes above 100, and saying so plainly is more use than a number that pretends otherwise.